Egypt Essays - Egyptian Mythology, Ancient Egyptian Religion

Egypt More than 5,000 years ago, many great civilizations flourished with great power all through out portions of Egypt and Southwest Asia. Due to their astonishing land marks (many of them still erect), to there great ability to understand sciences and math, and to their religion that is still practiced by many; The Egyptian Civilization is the best known. The Nile River Valley, and the hot, vast desert that is sprinkled with a few small oasises, was once home to these humans over 5,000 yeas ago. These Egyptians built many astonishing structures while they settled along the Nile. Many of these great structures (including the pyramids), are still standing tall and proud as ever. The huge brownish pyramids are the final resting place of the pharaohs, or kings. Today people flock from all over the world to see these great works of art. Another one of the structures that still stands is the Sphinx. The Sphinx is a statue built by the ancient Egyptians many years ago. The Summarians, the neighbors to the Egyptians, also had structures which still stand. They had Ziggurats. One of these structures that is standing today is the Khuzistan. These huge layered buildings where not tombs though. These were temples that where built to get closer to heaven. The Egyptians also developed geometry, and they had astonishing scientific knowledge for their time. They used geometry to help them build the pyramids and to restore boundaries of fields after the great flood that they had once a year. Their science knowledge about the human body allowed them to treat illnesses better than any known ancient civilization. They also had the ability to preserve bodies of the dead. This preservation is called mummification. With out this, we could not know so much about them. Their preservations of their powerful pharos allow us to see them almost as they looked 5,000 years ago. But, they weren't the only ones to make scientific discoveries; though, they were perhaps the best ones at doing it. Summarians are thought to be the ones who invented the much needed, round wheel. Also, the Chaldeans made a calculation of the length of the year to within seven small minutes! The Egyptian religion changed many times over it's development. Parts of the religion is still practiced by many today. Before Amenhoptop became pharaoh, the Egyptians believed in many gods, or polytheism. Amenhoptop tried to change their religion to monotheism, of believing in one main god. He did this by making the sun god, Aton, the main god. This was to try to make the priest have less power. This made the priest infuriated with Amenhoptop. When Amenhoptop died, the proceeding pharaoh, Tutankhamen (King Tutt), changed it back to polytheism. Their religion also believed that everyone had an after life. They thought that preserving the body would make the spirit happier. Before a person could go to ?heaven? he had to go to the Realm of the Dead. There he was thought to enter the Hall of the Truth. Here he must tell the god Osrisus the kind of life he had lived. If he had ever lied, murdered or been excessively proud he would be thrown to a horrible monster called ?the Eater of the dead?. If he had been good, he could live ! with the sun god and enjoy eternal happiness. This belief helped many people be good instead of evil. The Egyptian religion was very similar to the Persians'. The Persians thought that good would be rewarded and evil would be punished during an afterlife. But, the Summarians did not have a very firm belief in afterlife. The Egyptian civilization is truly the most known about. It is really a neat feeling to know that we can still see the tombs of their pharaohs, and even the pharos themselves that are preserved and look like they did when they lived. We also still have people practice their religion after 5,000 years since it's beginning. The Egyptians were just amazing them selves. Egypt Essays - Egyptian Mythology, Ancient Egyptian Religion Egypt More than 5,000 years ago, many great civilizations flourished with great power all through out portions of Egypt and Southwest Asia. Due to their astonishing land marks (many of them still erect), to there great ability to understand sciences and math, and to their religion that is still practiced by many; The Egyptian Civilization is the best known. The Nile River Valley, and the hot, vast desert that is sprinkled with a few small oasises, was once home to these humans over 5,000 yeas ago. These Egyptians built many astonishing structures while they settled along the Nile. Many of these great structures (including the pyramids), are still standing tall and proud as ever. The huge brownish pyramids are the final resting place of the pharaohs, or kings. Today people flock from all over the world to see these great works of art. Another one of the structures that still stands is the Sphinx. The Sphinx is a statue built by the ancient Egyptians many years ago. The Summarians, the neighbors to the Egyptians, also had structures which still stand. They had Ziggurats. One of these structures that is standing today is the Khuzistan. These huge layered buildings where not tombs though. These were temples that where built to get closer to heaven. The Egyptians also developed geometry, and they had astonishing scientific knowledge for their time. They used geometry to help them build the pyramids and to restore boundaries of fields after the great flood that they had once a year. Their science knowledge about the human body allowed them to treat illnesses better than any known ancient civilization. They also had the ability to preserve bodies of the dead. This preservation is called mummification. With out this, we could not know so much about them. Their preservations of their powerful pharos allow us to see them almost as they looked 5,000 years ago. But, they weren't the only ones to make scientific discoveries; though, they were perhaps the best ones at doing it. Summarians are thought to be the ones who invented the much needed, round wheel. Also, the Chaldeans made a calculation of the length of the year to within seven small minutes! The Egyptian religion changed many times over it's development. Parts of the religion is still practiced by many today. Before Amenhoptop became pharaoh, the Egyptians believed in many gods, or polytheism. Amenhoptop tried to change their religion to monotheism, of believing in one main god. He did this by making the sun god, Aton, the main god. This was to try to make the priest have less power. This made the priest infuriated with Amenhoptop. When Amenhoptop died, the proceeding pharaoh, Tutankhamen (King Tutt), changed it back to polytheism. Their religion also believed that everyone had an after life. They thought that preserving the body would make the spirit happier. Before a person could go to ?heaven? he had to go to the Realm of the Dead. There he was thought to enter the Hall of the Truth. Here he must tell the god Osrisus the kind of life he had lived. If he had ever lied, murdered or been excessively proud he would be thrown to a horrible monster called ?the Eater of the dead?. If he had been good, he could live ! with the sun god and enjoy eternal happiness. This belief helped many people be good instead of evil. The Egyptian religion was very similar to the Persians'. The Persians thought that good would be rewarded and evil would be punished during an afterlife. But, the Summarians did not have a very firm belief in afterlife. The Egyptian civilization is truly the most known about. It is really a neat feeling to know that we can still see the tombs of their pharaohs, and even the pharos themselves that are preserved and look like they did when they lived. We also still have people practice their religion after 5,000 years since it's beginning. The Egyptians were just amazing them selves.

Free Essays on The Ending Of The Scarlet Letter

Life was simple and pure for Hester Prynne. After the death of her lover, nothing in the world can mase her angry and anxious easily. She looked white and cold. She kept a proper distance to the world. She lost Dimmesdale twenty years ago. He was the only lover for her in those black days. Now she realized that there were more things lovely in the world. She appreciated the blue sky, the colorful flowers, and the small cottage she lived in. Fortunately, time did not leave any trace on her. Her smooth skin, shinning eyes, soft hair and slim shape made her age a mystery in the town. She was still elegant. She was ready to help others in trouble, though they never gave her a smile. The magic of time had an effect on her girl. Pearl was no longer an innocent and vulnerable baby in her arm. She was twenty years old now. Her beauty made her shinning as a real pearl. She loved smiling to anyone in the town, though no one would respond to her. When she grown up and really understood something in the world, she found she was special in the town. She had no friends, no relatives even no father. Her family was the ignorant group in the town. Everything changed when Pearl met a young man in another town. He was the first person who gave her a smile as a return. Suddenly, she found a sense of belonging from his smile. â€Å"Why you smile at me?†, she asked him? He said, â€Å"Because your smile is like a pearl†. â€Å"Thank you for your smile,† she said. At the first time, she knew what love was. She was no longer lonely. She had mum and him. â€Å"Mum, why you don’t move here with us? We need you.† â€Å"I can’t do that. If people here can smile at me again, I will leave it. My work has not been finished.† Hester Prynne was still living in the town. Her only daughter left her alone. Time is magic .Wrinkles secretly appeared on her face. Her black hair lost their color. The only thing she still had was her shinning eyes and n... Free Essays on The Ending Of The Scarlet Letter Free Essays on The Ending Of The Scarlet Letter Life was simple and pure for Hester Prynne. After the death of her lover, nothing in the world can mase her angry and anxious easily. She looked white and cold. She kept a proper distance to the world. She lost Dimmesdale twenty years ago. He was the only lover for her in those black days. Now she realized that there were more things lovely in the world. She appreciated the blue sky, the colorful flowers, and the small cottage she lived in. Fortunately, time did not leave any trace on her. Her smooth skin, shinning eyes, soft hair and slim shape made her age a mystery in the town. She was still elegant. She was ready to help others in trouble, though they never gave her a smile. The magic of time had an effect on her girl. Pearl was no longer an innocent and vulnerable baby in her arm. She was twenty years old now. Her beauty made her shinning as a real pearl. She loved smiling to anyone in the town, though no one would respond to her. When she grown up and really understood something in the world, she found she was special in the town. She had no friends, no relatives even no father. Her family was the ignorant group in the town. Everything changed when Pearl met a young man in another town. He was the first person who gave her a smile as a return. Suddenly, she found a sense of belonging from his smile. â€Å"Why you smile at me?†, she asked him? He said, â€Å"Because your smile is like a pearl†. â€Å"Thank you for your smile,† she said. At the first time, she knew what love was. She was no longer lonely. She had mum and him. â€Å"Mum, why you don’t move here with us? We need you.† â€Å"I can’t do that. If people here can smile at me again, I will leave it. My work has not been finished.† Hester Prynne was still living in the town. Her only daughter left her alone. Time is magic .Wrinkles secretly appeared on her face. Her black hair lost their color. The only thing she still had was her shinning eyes and n...

Critically evaluate the concept of empowerment. What is the link Essay

Critically evaluate the concept of empowerment. What is the link between empowerment and motivation in the context of large U - Essay Example This is essential in the retail sector which thrives on customer satisfaction. Empowerment however requires training and guidance which appears to be lacking in the retail sector. The employees tend to prefer direction to action which implies they lack intrinsic motivation. The management too may be unwilling to share critical information and relinquish power. Hence, the efficacy of empowerment is dependent on various factors and cannot lead to competitive advantage by merely empowering the employees. Empowerment Empowerment has varied definitions and approaches and may involve elements like individual employee perceptions, job structure and work environment, organizational structure and culture, managerial commitment and leadership, and training and reward systems (Anderson & Huang, 2006). Empowerment involves the behavior of the supervisor (cause of empowerment) and the psychological state of the subordinate (the effect). Empowerment is not merely a fad but a unique concept represe nting a new managerial approach and cannot be substituted for word like authority, delegation, motivation or self-efficacy (Lee & Koh, 2001). Empowerment is a continuing process occurring in a dynamic environment. It requires removing the conditions that give rise to feelings of powerlessness. It should create a work environment that strengthens the feelings of self efficacy (Anderson & Huang, 2006). They should be given autonomy and allowed to participate in decision-making. The employees should be freed from rigorous control imposed by company rules and regulations. Empowerment can lead to job satisfaction and loyalty, which positively impacts performance. However, empowerment requires the right leadership style and the managerial practices which can provide the right motivation. Motivation Motivation has been defined as an internal process that controls and regulates behavior, according to Hardre (2003). Barnett (1999) defines motivation as a psychological force that directs, ini tiates, and sustains human behavior over time. To ensure highest productivity and better performance, the importance of motivation has been recognized. However, motivation should spring from the inner self – it should be intrinsic and not induced by external factors such as pay and monetary incentives. Intrinsic motivation is positive, internalized and self-owned whereas extrinsic motivation is low quality and does not produce the valued outcomes. Empowerment and motivation Thus it can be said that empowerment is the authority to use discretion and take decisions while motivation is an inner urge to grow or perform. This is the initiative that Kokemuller (2001) refers to as the skills essential for jobs in the retail but something that is commonly missing. In favorable conditions the workers produce better and according to Ryan and Deci (2000) these include autonomy and competence. This implies that empowerment provides intrinsic joy and this induces the worker to perform bet ter. Empowerment should be an individual motivation which should create an environment for augmenting motivation through the development of strong feeling of personal effectiveness (Anderson & Huang, 2006). Empowerment should foster a belief in the worker on his own effectiveness thereby enhancing intrinsic motivation. Empowerment enhances self-efficacy and even according to Maslow it is the highest in the hierarchy of needs. However, even if the workers are empowered, they

Reliability and Fault Tolerance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reliability and Fault Tolerance - Essay Example Report also indicates that several patients suffered serious injuries during the accident. In fact, the Therac-25 accident has been described as the worst ever series of radiation accidents in more than three decades of accelerator medical history (Leveson 1995, p. 18). This paper seeks to present a detailed analysis of the Therac-25 radiation overdose accident in light of technologies and equipments involved, what caused the accident and its consequences. The essay will also explore measures that ought to have been taken to prevent the accident. The Therac-25 radiation overdose accident of between June 1985 and January 1987 has been described as the worst ever radiation accident in the history of medical accelerators. The accidents resulted from the radiation overdose caused by the Therac-25 therapy machine. Report indicates that at least six patients were overdosed in a span of about 2 years due to faults of the machine. Report indicates that the radiation overdose was several time s the normal therapeutic dose resulting in severe burns and death, in some cases (Leveson 1995, p. 18). The first complaint of an accident was reported on June 3, 1985, when a female patient was placed on a 10-MeV electron treatment to clavicle area. However, few minutes after turning on of the Therac-25 machine, the patient complained of extreme force of heat on the body. It is then that the patient complained of having been burned by the machine. ... Nevertheless, the company still failed to investigate whether Therac-25 burned the patients or not. Shortly afterwards, the patient developed reddening and swelling at the area treated by the machine. The pain increased to a level that shoulder began freezing as spasms continued to appear. The patient’s condition continued to worsen, clearly indicating that the patient had suffered from radiation (Nancy and Clark 1993, p.19). A second series of the accident occurred at Ontario Cancer Foundation in 1985 just a week after the first patient had been overdosed at Kennestone. Report indicates that the Therac-25 at the Hamilton clinic had been in use for about six months (Leveson, Turner and Sarin 1993). However, on July 26, 1985, a patient aged 40 years old visited the hospital for the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. Leveson, Turner, and Sarin (1993) indicate that the Therac-25 machine shut down barely five minutes after activation. This time around, the machine indicated an â€Å"H-tilt† error message. It also displayed a â€Å"no dose† and ‘treatment pause† (Nancy and Clark 1993, p.19). Despite these warnings, the operator went ahead to press the proceed button expecting the Therac-25 machine to deliver the right does this time around. Despite this being, a normal procedure since the machine had shown such faults before the machine still failed to operate. The procedure was repeated several time, but the machine showed suspend. The operator continued with the treatment after which the patient began complaining of a burning sensation on the treatment area, which she described as an â€Å"electric tingling shock† (Leveson, Turner and Sarin 1993). Other patients were successfully treated that day without accidents. The

Human Trafficking Ans Smuggling In The United Nations Criminology Essay

Human Trafficking Ans Smuggling In The United Nations Criminology Essay Human trafficking and smuggling has been amongst the fastest increasing international crimes according to United Nations. The crimes entail different types of crimes running over different nations and involving an ever-increasing figure of victims (United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, 1999). Human trafficking involves targeting the victims of human trafficking as objects of sexual abuse. The aim of human trafficking is for the trafficker to gain profitably by exploiting the victim. Fraud, coercion and use of force play an important role in human trafficking. It is sometimes not easy to establish the difference between smuggling and trafficking in the beginning stage. Trafficking in most cases engrosses an aspect of smuggling, particularly the passage through the border of a country. Human smuggling on the other hand involves the smoothening the progress of transportation, effort to transport or the illegitimate entry of a person or persons across an international border through contravention of one or more countries laws through deception like using of fraudulent travel documents. In most cases, smuggling is performed for the purpose of obtaining financial or material gains by the smuggler although the material gains are not essentially part of the crime. Smuggling of human beings is in most cases done with approval of the person who is smuggled often by paying a lot of money. Smuggled persons after being smuggled in their destination countries are left free by their smugglers. Human trafficking is a criminal activity and a relentless infringement of human rights that is of great worry worldwide. The overwhelming majority of the people trafficked include women and children. The United Nations describes trafficking in persons as the recruitment, transfer, transportation, harboring or receiving of people through use of threat or force or other methods of compulsion, kidnap, and trickery, or of the abuse of power or of a position of defenselessness or receiving payments or gains to acquire approval of a person to have control over another person for the purposes of exploitation. Human trafficking crime engrosses several different crimes spanning many nations and entailing a growing number of victims. According to, Stoeker, Shelley,(2005), human trafficking can be matched up to present day form of slavery. Theories supporting human trafficking According to (Nicola, 2009) the biological theory proposes that the male impulse of sex which is uncontrollable as theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for food or drink. Women and the other hand haveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ sexual impulse.According to this theory, exchange for sex for payments provides an answer to the requirement for majority of men sexual outlet However, some writers claim that the theory is outdated since current studies has stressed the need for self control of sexual impulse and an vital role social and cultural issues in characterizing the male need for sexual impulse. The psychological-personality cluster of theories tries to give psychological explanation for the requirement of commercial sex thus favoring children and women trafficking to provide the services. The social theories also try to support the commercial sex trade by clarifying that, the attention of the sex industry is not independently driven by only the personalities involved but it is a product of the surrounding social and cultural context. The author of the theory clarifies that the demand for prostitution is a means of male bonding. Victims of human traffic are in most cases abused bodily and emotionally. Although, human trafficking is regularly believed as an international crime involving crossing of borders, the crime can also occur within the country where victims are trafficked within their own countries. Where human trafficking takes place within the country, traffickers in most cases transport victims between locations within the same country and sell them to other human trafficking organizations. While differences exist between human trafficking and human smuggling, the fundamental issues that contribute to the increased level of these crimes are in most cases the same. In general, lack of employment, extreme poverty, political uncertainty and civil unrest are the major factors that give rise to a condition that promote human trafficking and human smuggling. Human trafficking which is also the current form of slavery is a criminal act and an abuse of basic human rights such as right to dignity, right to freedom and right to equal protection of the law which affects every nation globally (Fisher Lab, 2010). Trafficking in humans is among the small number of crimes that is pursued from the victims side, with the aim of stopping of the crime, protection of the victims and trial of the traffickers. Humans are trafficked are for the purposes of labor and sexual exploitation while children are trafficked for purposes of misuse in begging and illegal activities and for taking away of organs. According to (Friman, Reich, 2007), human trafficking is closely associated with organized crime. Reports from Europol, suggest that the number of human traffic victims to Europe can reach a hundred thousand annually. Europol suggests that human trafficking is regarded as the second source of illegitimate money for organized crime. In 2005, the International Labor Organisation, predicted that the yearly profits gotten form human traffic and forced labor and sexual exploitation globally could reach 31000million dollars (Fisher Lab, 2010). Human trafficking is a profitable business and in areas such as Russia, Hong Kong and Eastern Europe trafficking in humans is controlled by large criminal groups. Nevertheless, the greater part of human trafficking is conducted by networks of smaller organizations that individually specialize in specific areas such as recruitment, transfer advertising and selling. This criminal business is very profitable since it requires small capital to start-up and chances of prosecution are rare (Mendelson, 2005). Victims of human trafficking are in most cases the most powerless and vulnerable persons in a given region. Majority of the victims originate from poorer families in which there are no economic activities and they are frequently ethnic marginalized persons and many are displaced people, runaways or refugees or can originate from any social background race and class. Human traffickers mostly target women in terrible conditions particularly for the sex industry. Traffickers in persons exploit the lack of prospects for economic activities, offer for jobs and employment opportunities or study then force their victims into prostitution. Women traffickers use agents and brokers to organize the travel and job placements for the women victims who are then accompanied and transported to the employers (Stoeker, Shelley, 2005). Ahead, arriving at their ends, the women come to understand that they had been deceived regarding the kind of work they had been promised to do as well as the monetary arrangements and find themselves in pressurized or abusive conditions from which fleeing is both risky and complicated. This forces such women to end up in prostitution as a source of survival (United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, 1999). Children trafficking in most cases involve taking advantage of the childs parent due to intense poverty. The parents normally sell the children to traffickers so that they can manage to pay debts or gain income or they may be deceived regarding prospect of educating their children to get a better life. In West Africa, majority of the children who are trafficked have lost either both or one parent through AIDS. In addition, many male children and female ones are trafficked and trained to be soldiers. A study by United States Department of Justice of 2007-2008, indicated that over 30% of all human trafficked for that year were children who were forced into the sex industry (Fisher Lab, 2010). Size, Extent and Pattern of human trafficking The extent and size of human trafficking crimes remains unknown globally. Compared to other kinds of human abuses, trafficking in humans remains still underreported due to fear and shame of the victims. Majority of human trafficking occurs in regions associated with extreme poverty as a result of war or destruction of economy. According to,( Fisher Lab, 2010), in the outcome of economic destruction and fall of Soviet Union, many of the Balkan countries became countries of origin, who supplied desirable women for sex trafficking in the Mediterranean and European states. As a result of the illegitimate nature of human trafficking and the different methods used the extent remains unclear. According to, USA, State Department, report approximately half a million women and children are smuggled across international borders every year. The report also depicts that many of the transnational victims are trafficked for use in commercial sex business. According to (Mendelson, 2005), there was a rapid increase in prostitution in Bosnia, Cambodia and Kosovo, after the moving in of NATO and United Nations peace keeping force in these nations. Mendelson, (2005), further argues that peace keeping forces had been associated with forced prostitution and human trafficking. Supporters of peacekeeping missions have maintained that the actions of a few individuals should not be use to lay the blame on many people who participate in the mission, although United Nations and NATO have been condemned for not taking the issue of forced prostitution associated to missions of peacekeeping with seriousness. Why the human trafficking crime is growing at high rate Human trafficking appears a less risky undertaking for criminals compared with trafficking of drugs or vehicles. According to (Stoecker Shelley, 2005), in Central European Countries and Russia, laws on drug trafficking have become stricter and the methods of reduced theft of automobiles have become more complicated. In addition, punishments for criminals of human trafficking are much softer than the laws regarding trafficking of drugs which are not in place in Russia. Even in countries where laws regarding human trafficking exist, such crimes are complicated to establish and accuse since of few victims consent to give evidence in court. According to, (United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, 1999), in many countries the smuggling of persons is not effectively under control and stopped. This has because many Government border practices and policies, immigration, justice agencies and police mostly focus on the illegal aspects of migration while ignoring the side involved with organized criminal groups in the trafficking of human beings. As a result the most important target of control intercessions would be unlawful migrants but not the criminal groups occupied in human trafficking and exploitation. Moreover, majority of the countries also do not have effective policies planned to combat trafficking on persons. Many countries admit that their legislation do not offer up-to-date regulations to counter with human trafficking, especially activities carried out by international crime groups. Moreover, national policies do not offer effective tools with which to disintegrate organized crime structures and their international groupings and to cut their gain margins and frustrate their efforts to expand their supply. Inquiry of higher level of administration of organized criminal groups involved in human trafficking in most cases lacks the necessary associations to strategies against bribery and corruption. In addition many countries, lack the capacity to respond to human trafficking. The main reasons include; inadequate laws regarding human trafficking, lack of judicial proficiency in that sector and lack of adequate cooperation between government enforcement agencies criminal justice and other relevant institutions like immigration and border control agencies. At international platform, the structure for collaboration among law enforcement and official of justice of various countries may not be existing or may not be satisfactory resulting to ineffective inquiry, assessment and settlement of cases associated with human trafficking. Persons who have become victims of human trafficking might in many cases lose more than they gain when collaborating with the justice system. In many countries victims of human trafficking regarded the ones responsible for illegal acts instead being victims of human trafficking and are in most cases prosecuted for infringing the immigration laws prostitution or statutory offences that are lawfully regarded as indecent behavior. Lack of sufficient victim and witness protection programmes might lessen the success of inquiry and hearing and court hearings of such cases. Destination, transit and countries of origin of human traffic victims A common misunderstanding has been that human trafficking occurs in deprived countries. Almost every country in the world is occupied in secretive profitable human trafficking business. The source is the country from which person are trafficked and is usually depicted as destitute and might have been weakened by war, natural disasters or corruption. According to (Fisher Lab, 2010) some of the source nations include Guatemala, Nepal, Nigeria and the former countries of Soviet Union and many more. A transit nation describes the temporally stop where trafficked victims are temporary stopped on their journey to the country of enslavement and the destination nation refers to the country where trafficked humans end up. The destination countries for human traffic victims are normally wealthy nations since they need to have enough income to purchase the trafficked victims. Among the renowned destination countries include, Japan, India United States and Western Europe. The smuggling of immigrants and human trafficking has increased worldwide in the recent years, as a result of the process of globalization and other factors. Trafficking in humans has been growing tremendously due top the participation of groups involved in organized crimes. The smuggling of immigrants by organized crime groups interrupts with the procedures of immigration of destination nations and in most cases entails abuses of human rights. The exploitative manner of treatment of human trafficking victims in most cases accounts a new form of slavery. Sexual exploitation and trafficking in persons According to (Kroft Greene, 2009), there has been no specific agreed definition of trafficking of persons for sexual exploitation. The term is used to refer to movement of persons particularly women usually between countries and within countries for sexual work using physical force or oppression through forced debt. Nevertheless, the issue become controversial when the victims are willing involved in prostitution. Sexual trafficking encompasses forcing an immigrant into sexual act condition or agreement for the immigration. Trafficking people for sexual purposes entails use of physical force, dishonesty, and oppression incurred through forced debt. Women and children who are victims of human trafficking are in most cases promised domestic jobs or jobs in service sector but instead find themselves taken to brothels while their travel document have been seized. Women and children victims of human trafficking might be beaten or locked up and guaranteed they would get their freedom back through prostitution as the purchase price together with their visa and air ticket. According to, (Friman Reich, 2007), the reasons why women and sometimes underage, children agree to offers from human traffickers is to get better financial opportunities for themselves and their families. In many circumstances the human trafficker in the beginning offers a genuine job or the assurance of a chance to further the studies. The majority of the jobs offered are in hotel industry or in bars and clubs. In other cases human traffickers use marriage, bullying, threats or taking hostage as means of obtaining their women victims. In most cases many women victims of human trafficking end up in prostitution while some of the migrating prostitutes get involved in trafficking of humans. Human trafficking for sexual uses involves a business deal of contributions services and items (Friman Reich, 2007). The terms of exchange and elements involved in the transaction displays the form of connection that exists and the economic system in which the deal takes place. In traditional societys financial system, women were sold as gifts to create alliances and to make peace and ensure hereditary was continuous. In market financial systems women are viewed to offer monetary benefits to the human traffickers who maximize their profits by being in charge of the exchange process. According to (Friman Reich, 2007), sale of sexual services contributed to high increase of women trafficking particularly in Central Europe in the era of economic recession which has had high unemployment level. All over the poorest nations of Central and Eastern Europe and, majority of the women have admitted taking the risk of being trafficked instead of remaining in their own counties where there are high levels of poverty and unemployment. In unstable economies, with limited job availabilities, many unskilled women have found an incentive by selling their sexual services and for human traffickers to organize the sector. According to (Friman Reich, 2007), women in poor nations of Central and Eastern Europe involve themselves, in prostitution since for some it is the only way for them to access international and regional job offers.

Humans and Nature: The Sad Truth about the Relationship between Humans

Since the shift into the Holocene era with the rise of sedentism throughout various millenniums across six continents to present day human ingenuity, respect and attention towards the site gradually declined as technologies advanced human capability and chances of survival. Digging deep in time back to the ancestral hunter-gathering tribes of southwestern France in the Caves of Lascaux, where the site was the structure itself, shifting towards the Anasazi of Mesa Verde who created a structure utilizing the site, finally ending with modern day commercial chain buildings stamped onto landscape with neither respect nor consideration of natural landform and the grim outlook for the city of New Orleans, these sites offer insight to the nulling of human reverence to Earth as technology replaces the necessity for natural provisions. Evolution among ideas and communities both on a communal and global scale show the rising ignorance of Earth throughout history. Although co ntemporary sites break from this shift towards a product over placement, the overall generalization of architecture must recognize this change to shed light for a future of reinvesting in the earth’s protection and prolonging of humanity. Rewind the historical clock 19,000 years ago when anatomically correct, coherent humans first set out to alter the natural world’s many caverns and crevices such as in the Caves of Lascaux. In Paleolithic times when the formation of complex languages and cognitive skills replaced instinctive traits of nourishment, shelter, and procreation, so too did the formation of non-domestic ancestral sites. Archeologically, structures in prehistoric sites are either debunked as domestic or non-domestic, usually associating... ...history. Hurricane Katrina acts as a message to humanity across the globe, architecture must recognize this numbness and utilize the features of the Earth to rekindle light for a future within Earth’s protection and prolonging of humanity. Works Cited Ingersoll, Kostof. . World Architecture, A Cross-Cultural History. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 2013. print. Varien, M. . Sedentism and Mobility in a Social Landscape: Mesa Verde & Beyond. Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, USA, 1999. print. Venturi et al. . LEARNING FROM LAS VEGAS: THE FORGO'rI'EN SYMBOUSM OF ARCHITECTURAL FORM. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, USA, 2013. print. Williams, R. . Keywords, a vocabulary of culture and society. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 1976. print. 1 The Citation referring to Brush and Turner comes from a cited source in Varien, M’s book.

Promote learning and development Essay

Understand the purpose and requirements of the areas of learning and development in the relevant early years framework 1.1. Explain each of the areas of learning and development and how these are interdependent. Personal, social and Emotional Development Children must be provided with experiences and support which will help them to develop a positive sense of themselves and of others; respect for others; social skills; and a positive disposition to learn. Providers must ensure support for children’s emotional well-being to help them to know themselves and what they can do. Communication, Language and Literacy Children’s learning and competence in communicating, speaking and listening, being read to and beginning to read and write must be supported and extended. They must be provided with opportunity and encouragement to use their skills in a range of situations and for a range of purposes, and be supported in developing the confidence and disposition to do so. Problem solving, Reasoning and Numeracy Children must be supported in developing their understanding of Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy in a broad range of contexts in which they can explore, enjoy, learn, practise and talk about their developing understanding. They must be provided with opportunities to practise and extend their skills in these areas and to gain confidence and competence in their use. Knowledge and understanding of the world Children must be supported in developing the knowledge, skills and understanding that help them to make sense of the world. Their learning must be supported through offering opportunities for them to use a range of tools safely; encounter creatures, people, plants and objects in their natural environments and in real-life situations; undertake practical ‘experiments’; and work with a range of materials. Physical Development The physical development of babies and young children must be encouraged through the provision of opportunities for them to be active and interactive and to improve their skills of coordination, control, manipulation and  movement. They must be supported in using all of their senses to learn about the world around them and to make connections between new information and what they already know. They must be supported in developing an understanding of the importance of physical activity and making healthy choices in relation to food. Creative Development Children’s creativity must be extended by the provision of support for their curiosity, exploration and play. They must be provided with opportunities to explore and share their thoughts, ideas and feelings, for example, through a variety of art, music, movement, dance, imaginative and role-play activities, mathematics, and design and technology. It is important to remember that these six areas of learning do not work in isolation but are in fact interlinked. Good quality activities will cover more than one area of development. For example, allowing children to access the outdoors will not only support their physical development, but encourage their communication and exploration of their environment. Where a child experiences a delay in one area, it is likely to limit their learning and development in the other five†¦a child with cerebral palsy who experiences hand-eye coordination difficulties is likely to find completing a puzzle difficult therefore hindering her problem solving, reasoning and numeracy. It is therefore vital that settings recognise each child’s individual needs and plan holistically in order to help children achieve their full potential across the six areas of learning. 1.2. Describe the documented outcomes for children that form part of the relevant early years framework. These are the goals and targets for children to meet throughout early years, for example communication language and literacy linking sounds. These are documented through observations that are carried out by their key person through day to day, which they then just to develop children’s development with carrying out different activities and adapting or changing them for an individual needs. 1.3. Explain how the documented outcomes are assessed and recorded. Planning for children’s development start’s with observations in order to find out the child’s previous knowledge, their interests and needs. There are many forms of observations that can be carried out to allow us to collate the evidence we need to plan appropriately for the individual child. Each method of observation has advantages and disadvantages of recording the child’s development, so it is important to use a variety of methods of observation for each child to gain holistic knowledge and understanding of the child’s development. In our workplace we do this when activities are taking place observations to see if the child is meeting their development with the six areas of learning and development and to see how they can help to maintain their learning and development. In our workplace we fill in forms regularly for each activity that meets the outcomes. We change activities regularly so children can progresss according to age. These forms are stored and accessed by keyworkers when doing a child’s progression plan. 2. Be able to plan work with children and support children’s participation in planning 2.1. Use different sources to plan work for an individual child or group of children. OBSERVATION 2.2. Engage effectively with children to encourage the child’s participation and involvement in planning their own learning and development activities. OBSERVATION 2.3. Support the planning cycle for children’s learning and development. OBSERVATION 3. Be able to promote children’s learning and development according to the requirements of the relevant early years framework. 3.1. Explain how practitioners promote children’s learning within the relevant early years framework. Practitioners promote children’s learning within the guidance of the EYFS by offering a balanced of child initiated and adult led play based activities, practitioners will use their own guidance on the age and stage of the child using their knowledge that they have on the children that they care for and decide on the correct balance, however we should realise the amount of time that is already taken up with adult led activities such as registration, lining up, snack time, circle time. We should ensure that the same balance should be applied outdoors as well as indoors. Child initiated means a child that engages on a self chosen activity and is allowed to play freely. The adult led activity is usually a group of children that participate w ith adult support, the activity is chosen by the adult. The  adult would have picked the time and the aspect of a particular topic. This could be sewing as a child originally needs help to achieve this and gradually the adult’s involvement will decrease in time. Organisation and management making sure that we provide opportunities to extend play for children, key worker system is in place for legal and responsibility of learning and development of each child, thinking about to the children use the space indoors/outdoors, observation and planning system which meets individual needs and interests. We have a very good balance of adult and child led play we try for a 50% we follow children’s interests by observations and asking the children what they would like in the planning and what activities they would like to do that day. Sensitive intervention is trying to intervene without disrupting or changing the focus on the play. Watching to see if the child wants you to participate or not, so enhancing play but not taking ownership of the play away from the child. Supporting and facilitating when you have a positive relationship with the children they will seek your help doing something like building dens they might need materials and resources or helping them reach their aim. Modelling when children watch an adult they might try to model that action by repeating actions, words or skills. Coaching children do and learn more when given encouragement and support of an adult by making a child feel confident they might try to do or develop something a little further this is linked to the Vygotsky theory (Core 3.1) of proximal development getting children to do something just outside their comfort range. 3.2. Prepare, set out and support activities and experiences that encourage learning and development in each area of the relevant early years framework. OBSERVATION 4. Be able to engage with children in activities and experiences that support their learning and development 4.1. Work alongside children, engaging with them in order to support their learning and development. OBSERVATION 4.2. Explain the importance of engaging with a child to support sustained shared thinking. Using a topic a child is really interested in can allow for sustained shared thinking it can be talking about something or doing something which encourages conversation like we have done planting with our  children this has really captured their imagination the children are talking about what they think seeds are going to grow into what happens as the plants grows, what might the plant produce. We are getting the children to reach conclusions, and explore concepts at a deeper level. The children are thinking about processes and are making connections to things they have already learnt and new information. Processing the information we have given them making them think. 4.3. Use language that is accurate and appropriate in order to support and extend children’s learning when undertaking activities OBSERVATION 5. Be able to review own practice in supporting the learning and development of children in their early years. 5.1. Reflect on own practice in supporting learning and development of children in their early years. OBSERVATION 5.2. Demonstrate how to use reflection to make changes in own practice. OBSERVATION Reflective account covering observations 2.1 2.3 5.1 and 5.2 While at work I organised an activity for all the children to do cooking. We were making fairy cakes. Before the activity the children chose what they wanted on their fairy cakes and went got this from the Tesco opposite our work. Some children got butter and icing and others got chocolate and smarties there was a variety if things that each children chose. To help the young people do the activity we printed a recipe sheet out and also a sheet with pictures for those young people who cannot read some children needed help with the activity more than others. The children did mixing with electric mixers and some used a whisk. We put the cakes in the oven for 20minutes we then waited for the Cakes to cool. We decorated them with the things we bought from Tesco the children had lots of fun. We have done this activity before  and after reflecting on this I think the children are getting better with mixing the cake mixture and decorating the cakes. If I was to do this again I would do everything the same but do it regularly so the children learn the step by step making of cakes.